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متالوژی::
زیرلایه فولاد
The stress can be generated by the outward diffusion of iron and the associated inward diffusion of vacancies during steel oxidation,97-99 different thermal-expansion coefficients of the scales and the substrate, or by gas build-up at the scale-steel interface as a result of carbon oxidizing from the steel substrate.95 Second, the scale possesses sufficient plasticity.
This study further confirmed that when oxidized in dry air, the scale tended to separate from the steel substrate.
The adherence of the scale to the steel substrate was significantly improved by the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere and, as a result, the oxidation rate of the Fe-C alloys was increased.
During steel oxidation, carbon from the steel substrate can be oxidized,
The overall effect of this is the simultaneous migration of the voids through the scale and loss of carbon from the steel substrate.
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